Exploring Different Types of Orthognathic Surgery Procedures

Orthognathic surgery, or corrective jaw surgery, is a specialized surgical procedure aimed at correcting a variety of dental and skeletal irregularities involving the jaws. These procedures not only improve the patient’s bite and function but also enhance facial aesthetics. Understanding the different kinds of orthognathic surgery can help patients and their families make informed decisions about their treatment options.

Maxillary Osteotomy

A maxillary osteotomy involves the upper jaw, also known as the maxilla. This procedure is typically performed to correct issues such as an open bite, crossbite, or significant midface deficiencies. During the surgery, the upper jaw is carefully cut and repositioned to align correctly with the lower jaw. The bones are then secured in their new position using plates and screws. Maxillary osteotomy can also be beneficial for patients with congenital disabilities such as cleft palate, as it helps in improving both function and appearance.

Mandibular Osteotomy

Mandibular osteotomy focuses on the lower jaw, or mandible. This procedure is used to correct a receding lower jaw (retrognathia) or an excessively prominent lower jaw (prognathia). The surgeon makes cuts behind the molars and along the jawbone, allowing the mandible to be moved forward or backward as needed. Once the jaw is repositioned, it is stabilized with screws and plates. Mandibular osteotomy can significantly improve chewing, speaking, and breathing, alongside enhancing the facial profile.

Bimaxillary Osteotomy

For patients who require adjustments to both the upper and lower jaws, a bimaxillary osteotomy is performed. This combined procedure addresses severe cases of jaw misalignment, such as those resulting from trauma, congenital abnormalities, or developmental issues. By repositioning both jaws, surgeons can achieve optimal occlusion and facial symmetry. Bimaxillary osteotomy is a complex surgery that requires meticulous planning and execution, often involving a team of specialists to ensure the best possible outcome.

Genioplasty

Genioplasty, also known as chin surgery, is a cosmetic and functional procedure that targets the chin area. It can be performed in conjunction with other orthognathic surgeries or as a standalone procedure. There are two main types of genioplasty: sliding genioplasty and chin implants. Sliding genioplasty involves cutting the chin bone and moving it to a new position to enhance the facial profile. In contrast, chin implants involve inserting a synthetic implant to achieve the desired chin shape and projection. Both techniques can improve facial harmony and boost self-confidence.

Surgical Widening of the Upper Jaw (SARPE)

Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) is a procedure designed to widen a narrow upper jaw. This condition, known as maxillary constriction, can lead to breathing difficulties, dental crowding, and crossbite. SARPE involves making surgical cuts in the upper jaw bone and then using an expansion device to gradually widen the palate over time. This procedure is often performed in younger patients but can also be effective for adults when orthodontic appliances alone are insufficient to achieve the necessary expansion.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Surgery

For patients with severe temporomandibular joint disorders, TMJ surgery may be necessary. TMJ disorders can cause significant pain, dysfunction, and limited jaw movement. There are various surgical options depending on the severity and underlying cause of the disorder. These options include arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, and open joint surgery. Each technique aims to alleviate pain, improve joint function, and enhance the patient’s quality of life. TMJ surgery is often considered after conservative treatments, such as physical therapy and medication, have failed to provide relief.

In conclusion, orthognathic surgery encompasses a range of procedures tailored to correct specific jaw and facial irregularities. From maxillary and mandibular osteotomies to more specialized surgeries like genioplasty and SARPE, each procedure plays a vital role in improving both function and aesthetics. Understanding these different types of orthognathic surgery can help patients make informed decisions about their treatment and ultimately achieve a healthier, more balanced smile. Consulting with a skilled oral and maxillofacial surgeon is essential to determine the most appropriate surgical plan for individual needs and goals.